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Welcome to Nanotech Medicines. It has been a few years since we have discovered and mapped out the human genome – the blueprint for human life. The knowledge which has been gained from this monumental feat is providing an increasing array of medical opportunities for both health and longevity. Get ready for all sorts of breakthroughs in medicine through the manipulation of bioparticles at the nano scale.
Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. The approaches to nanomedicine range from the medical use of nanomaterials, to nanoelectronic biosensors, and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology. Proposed applications for Nanotech Medicine include nanorobots and cell repair machines. Current problems for nanomedicine involve understanding the issues related to toxicity and environmental impact of nanoscale materials.
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Nanotech Medicine is an easy to navigate source for nanotechnology in medicine, with videos, articles and everyday conversation about emerging medical technologies in general and nanomedicine in particular.
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We are all now on a Fantastic Voyage
Do you remember ‘Fantastic Voyage’ – the sci-fi film in which scientists shrank a submarine and crew, injected them into a dying man , and saved him from certain death before being resized for more adventures?
Scripted by Harry Kleiner in 1966 and novelized for Bantam paperbacks 6 months later by Isaac Asimov, it spawned an animated TV series as well as a Salvador Dali painting. Now, some 40 years later, it is seeing practical application in space and cancer medicine, as well as arguably more prosaic areas like materials science.
Today it is called ‘Nanotechnology’ and in this series of brief articles we’ll be exploring how it is beginning to influence the world around us. It begins by linking medical and building science.
Nanontechnology in a Nutshell
The science of Nanotechnology deals with very, very small structures, usually less than 100 nanometers in diameter. With 1 nanometer being 1 billionth of a meter, you’ll get some idea of how small this is by imagining the earth as having a diameter of 1 meter with 1 billion apple pips (seeds) inside it. Or, looked at another way, the dimension ratio between a meter and a nanometer is the same as between earth and an apple.
For the mathematical purists among you 1nm = 10 -09 m, i.e. 1/1,000,000,000
Einstein might have imagined this by building a train wagon in his mind, giving this a length, width and height of 1nm and then fitting this inside a few hundreds of hydrogen molecules.
For scientists and technologists this has special interest because at this size materials reveal unique properties when compared not only with ordinary bulk sized materials, but also their molecules. In essence they take advantages of properties that neither individual molecules nor molecular structures exhibit.
For example, if we could see it a gold nanoparticle deposited on a surface would appear purple, rather than shiny and ‘golden’ that we presently recognize.
Again, if you can imagine a molecule as having a very small atom at it’s core with many electrons spinning around this, all held together by the power of attraction, then you’ll get some idea of the scale of things they are working with.
Another example of particular interest to scientists and technologists currently working, or considering working in this area is that of Titanium Dioxide (titania). This is used in paints to give that extremely white, opaque finish. But nanonised titania is completely transparent.
Nanomedicine
Drug discovery, drug delivery and continuing miniaturization are three areas in which medicine has joined our Fantastic Voyage. Long-term, in-vivo diagnostics and more targeted therapy without side effects are on the horizon. Being able to look for drug targets on a cellular rather than multi-cellular, or tissue basis can be much more precise. Biosensors and molecule probes allow cellular processes to be examined and drug development aimed at molecular targets.
Latest treatment techniques already allow a drug to be put inside a nanoparticle, like a carbon or silicon nanotube. This might also hold antibodies to bind the drug, enabling smaller doses to be delivered direct to the targeted tissue. Various nanoparticle drug formulations are already being investigated in animal models and early stage clinical studies in humans.
Treating Cancer & Diabetes
Using such nanobots, i.e. vehicles for carrying treatments, radioactive generators are already being injected. Going direct to the infected tissue these give small radiation doses to treat the cancer without all the unpleasant side effects of radiation therapy.
By encapsulating pancreatic cells inside nanoparticles they can be kept alive to secrete insulin without being attacked by antibodies. It’s not a cure for diabetes, but does avoid unpleasant injections, delivering the insulin in a natural way.
Brain Tumors and Space Medicine
Neuroscientists are developing nanoparticles to cross the brain-blood barrier and could be treating brain tumors within a couple of years. Meanwhile NASA is pursuing remote diagnostics and treatments for space travelers, like radiation damaged cells. As Cecilia Haberzettl, founder and president of TechnoMed Strategic Partners, recently wrote in Nanotechnology
“When a cell is damaged by radiation it expresses different proteins on its surface. The nanobot would detect those proteins and then repair the cell, either by giving it antioxidants or by enhancing the natural mechanisms of DNA repair by some technique yet to be defined. Or, if the damage is severe, the nanobot could trigger the cell to die. All of that could happen while the astronauts are up in space, while avoiding communication delays due to the distance from the Earth.”
Next Time
From treating humans to treating the buildings in which they live, how nanotechnology is being used in materials science and how a Greek entrepreneurial scientist has developed products that protect surfaces from stains, moulds, and fungus. Personally recognised by Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, for the innovative nature of their work, they are undoubtedly delivering cutting edge nanotech inventions and technical excellence to improve and add value to a wide range of everyday products.
Look out for the next article to learn how this little company is experiencing burgeoning international growth by delivering massive advances and technical excellence in surface protections.
Dr Benfield is visiting professor Univ.Wales Newport UK & CEO Benfield ATT Group/Home & Garden Centre. He speaks, writes & consults on timber engineering, MMC, housing, planning,related economic/policy issues. Buy SurfaPore® – ‘C’for cement based surfaces,’R'for clay based surfaces,’T'for granite, marble,porcelain,’W'for timber/wood, from www.hgc.uk.com or trade www.benfieldatt.co.uk
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